When you buy an e-bike, one of the most important yet least understood features is how the motor decides when and how much power to deliver. This comes down to the pedal-assist sensor. Most e-bikes use one of two systems: a torque sensor or a cadence (speed) sensor. The difference determines how the bike feels, responds, and performs in real-world riding. This article explores the benefits and limitations of torque vs cadence sensor systems to help you choose the best option for your needs.
For a full overview of all e-bike components, see our 2025 E-Bike Buyer’s Guide.
How Pedal Assist Works
E-bikes use sensors to measure your pedalling and determine how much motor assistance to add.
- Torque sensors measure how hard you are pedalling.
- Cadence (speed) sensors measure how fast you are pedalling.
Both systems work with the controller to regulate current from the battery to the motor, determining how much assistance you feel at the pedals. The result is either a natural, proportional boost (torque) or a smooth, predictable flow of power (cadence).
Torque Sensors: Natural and Proportional
A torque sensor measures the pressure you apply to the pedals in real time. The harder you push, the more power the motor supplies. The lighter your effort, the softer the assist. This produces a smooth, intuitive feel that mirrors your natural pedalling rhythm.
How Torque Sensing Works
A strain gauge inside the bottom bracket or rear dropout measures pedal force and sends that signal to the controller, which instantly adjusts motor output. The result is assistance that scales proportionally with your effort.
Benefits of Torque Sensors
- Natural ride feel – assistance feels like an extension of your own power.
- Efficient power use – the motor only adds what you need, improving range.
- Instant hill response – assistance increases automatically on climbs.
- Better control – ideal for riders who enjoy an active, connected ride.
Where You’ll Find Them
Torque sensors are standard in mid-drive systems from brands like Bosch, Shimano, and XOFO. These motors drive through the chain, leveraging your bike’s gears for powerful hill climbing and excellent range.
However, they require constant pedalling, throttles are generally not supported. Because torque sensing relies on pedal input, there’s no way to activate power without turning the cranks. For riders who prefer throttle control or use their e-bike like a scooter in certain conditions, that’s an important distinction.
Ideal For
- Riders who want a traditional cycling experience
- Hilly or varied terrain
- Those who prioritise control and responsiveness
Cadence (Speed) Sensors: Smooth, Simple, and Throttle-Compatible
A cadence sensor measures pedal rotation speed, not force. When it detects that the cranks are turning, it signals the controller to deliver power based on the chosen assist level. The faster you pedal, the more frequently it triggers the sensor, ensuring consistent assistance.True North’s fat-tyre e-bikes, including the Seeker and Finder, use refined Bafang hub motors with speed sensors and intelligent current control for smooth power delivery. These systems are designed for stability, comfort, and versatility, performing equally well when carrying passengers, running errands, or commuting daily.
How Cadence Sensing Works
A ring of magnets on the crank passes a sensor that detects each rotation. The controller uses this signal to activate the motor according to the assist level you select (usually five or more power modes).
You can also use a throttle to engage the motor directly, even without pedalling. By law, throttle use above 6 km/h is for private property only, but in practice, many riders appreciate this feature when starting from a stop, manoeuvring in tight spaces, or hauling loads.
Benefits of Cadence Sensors
- Consistent assistance – steady power at any effort level.
- Low physical strain – ideal for comfort riding or recovering from injury.
- Throttle compatibility – power can be applied without pedalling.
- Simplified design – fewer calibration requirements and high reliability.
Ideal For
- Urban commuting and everyday transport
- Carrying cargo or passengers
- Riders who prefer steady support and throttle control
- Flat to moderately hilly terrain
Torque vs Cadence Sensor Comparison Table
| Feature | Torque Sensor | Cadence (Speed) Sensor |
|---|---|---|
| How it works | Measures pedal pressure | Measures pedal rotation |
| Ride feel | Natural and proportional | Smooth and consistent |
| Efficiency | Optimises battery use | Steady power output |
| Hill performance | Reacts instantly to effort | Requires pedal rotation before assist engages |
| Throttle support | Not supported | Supported (legal up to 6 km/h on roads) |
| Maintenance | Precision calibration required | Simple and durable |
| Best suited for | Active riders, hilly terrain | Commuters, cargo riders, relaxed cruising |
The Hub-Drive Advantage for Everyday Use
True North’s hub-drive fat-tyre e-bikes use speed sensors and are built for real-world practicality. The motor drives the rear wheel directly, separating it from the pedalling system. This allows for throttle integration and a more relaxed, predictable ride feel.
Everyday Versatility
- Carrying passengers: The stable, rear-weighted design helps balance loads and improves traction.
- Running errands: Fat tyres and hub motors handle added cargo or child seats without strain.
- Urban commuting: Consistent power delivery makes stop-and-go riding smooth.
- Low maintenance: No chain tension impact from motor torque.
For many riders, these benefits outweigh the small delay in motor activation compared with torque-sensed systems. The combination of throttle control, comfort, and strength makes hub drives a practical choice for city living and coastal riding.
Controller and Power Delivery
Whether an e-bike uses torque or cadence sensors, the controller ultimately determines how smoothly that power feels. It interprets sensor data and regulates current flow (measured in amps) from the battery to the motor.
For instance, a 48 V 20 A controller can deliver strong acceleration and reliable hill performance, provided it’s tuned correctly. True North’s controllers are configured to balance smooth acceleration with battery longevity, ensuring consistent performance whether you’re cruising Bondi’s streets or tackling steep suburban climbs.
How to Choose Between Torque and Cadence Systems
Your decision depends on how you plan to ride.
Choose Torque Sensing If:
- You enjoy cycling and want an authentic pedalling feel.
- You ride hilly terrain or want precise control over power.
- You prioritise efficiency and battery range.
Choose Cadence (Speed) Sensing If:
- You prefer a smoother, steady flow of power.
- You often carry passengers or cargo.
- You value throttle control for starts and manoeuvres.
- You want reliable performance for daily commutes and errands.
Test Ride Recommendations
Before deciding, test both systems. Here’s what to look for:
| Test | What to Observe |
|---|---|
| Acceleration from standstill | Cadence systems may take a moment to engage, torque systems respond instantly. |
| Hill climbing | Torque systems adjust power as you press harder; cadence maintains steady output. |
| Throttle behaviour | Only cadence/hub systems allow throttle use without pedalling. |
| Power cut-off | Test how quickly power stops when you stop pedalling or brake. |
| Ride comfort | Try both styles at low and high assist levels to gauge smoothness. |
A short test ride will make the difference immediately clear.
Summary: Power, Control, and Comfort
Both torque and cadence sensors offer excellent performance when properly tuned. Torque systems feel natural and precise, ideal for fitness-focused riders. Cadence systems deliver consistent power and integrate seamlessly with throttles, making them perfect for practical, everyday transport.
True North’s hub-drive e-bikes use refined Bafang speed sensors with intelligent current control to balance power, comfort, and reliability, whether you’re commuting, carrying passengers, or exploring the coast.
For a complete overview of buying considerations, visit our 2025 E-Bike Buyer’s Guide.
